Decentralisation & Country Essay Example for Free

Decentralisation Country Essay Decentralisation is one of the most popular and most proven ways to govern a country. In this respect the world practice knows many examples of decentralised countries where the social features and issues are likely to be solved more effectively owing to the dispersal of the state authority. The theme of decentralisation as the way to develop countries and lead them toward positive outcomes is recurring now. The paper suggests a scope of different important fields of state regulations which highlight the value of decentralisation. Insofar, the question is that this topic is based more on the examples of developing countries where the lack of constructive authority props up against the lack of follow up. It is meant here that the bottom-to-top approach is at stake, and it is a responsibility of a researcher to either prove the value of political and administrative (structural) decentralisation or not. Decentralisation is discussed in the paper through the evaluation of its impacts on public services in different Latin American countries and in some other countries of the world as well. Thereupon, a weighed position is determined in the research in order to constitute pros and cons of decentralisation supported by real facts gathered from peer-reviewed articles. Bringing to notice decades of developmental changes in different countries of the world, it is vital to state that decentralisation results in better development outcomes. Development planning is necessary for the strategy of further growth in a definite country. This is why it is no surprise that due to some sociological and political ideas stated by Marxists and, perhaps, constructivists long before most of the countries that accepted such ideals have reached out positive results in their overall performance. First of all, governmental reforms in turning the economy toward more reliance on the local governments are beyond disagreement. There are four types of decentralisation to be provided in a country: administrative (deconcentration and delegation), fiscal, political, and market decentralisation (Fritzen Lim, 2006). The discussion in the paper contemplates mostly the three of them, i. e. administrative, fiscal, and political. Administrative decentralisation is considered to be the most valued among a set of developing countries in terms of increasing the functionality and efficiency of public sector and enhancing capacity development as well (Furtado, 2001). This notion of strategic changes in the economies suffering from such negative effects as corruption and inapproachability of the central power at the local level is more than just significant. It goes without saying that the main prospects relied on while approaching decentralization of power in the developing countries are to reduce poverty and to improve public services. Such an influence on the development planning should be understood empirically based on the current world practice in this sector of political implementation. However, it may happen that the main aid from donor countries to developing countries comes down solely to supporting these countries materially. It is, of course, a possible solution, but it does not embrace the particularities of a country’s human and natural potential (resources). In this respect United Nations Development Program (UNDP) lays more emphasis on â€Å"the need to situate institutions and individuals within their appropriate systems and strategic management contexts† (Furtado, 2001, p. 3). Thus, a country’s capacity development should go hand in hand with the national perspectives for the current and the next fiscal year. To say more, both political and administrative decentralisation should take place in order to respond to local communities and officials. On the other hand, fiscal decentralisation should be taken into consideration. There is a direct link between political governance and local development as applied to the success of a fiscal decentralization. The report on such theme by UNDP (2005) presupposes the following: â€Å"A well-designed fiscal decentralization reform will fail (and the anticipated benefits and increased efficiency will fail to materialize) if the appropriate governance mechanisms are not in place for local accountability† (UNDP, 2005, p. 18). This is why it is vital to take a glance at concrete examples where political decentralisation is in evidence. Before responding to the examples of some countries, it is significant to highlight the main causes of poverty and inability of governments to solve this problem. First, it touches upon the educational development in the rural areas. Second, it contemplates the governmental investment into the most strategically important sectors of public (community) services. In this respect the remarkable examples of two Latin American countries, Bolivia and Colombia, take place. The four lessons which were taught on the example of both Bolivia and Colombia in their urge for decentralisation are as follows: 1. Local democracy must be free, fair, transparent and competitive; 2. Sub-national governments must face hard budget constraints; 3. Central government must be scaled back; 4. Significant tax-raising powers must be devolved to the periphery (Faguet, The Effects of Decentralisation on Public Investment: Evidence and Four Lessons from Bolivia and Colombia, 2005, p. 1). Bolivia was a very poor country after the revolution, and there was no concrete mechanism for governing the country. In this respect the administrative division into municipalities helped the officials take a look at how it was better to maintain a change. The racial attitudes toward indigenous population in the rural areas could not be solved pragmatically. Thus, the country was at the edge of strategic decision-making process coming from the highest echelons of power. The policy of decentralisation was an innovative breakthrough for Bolivia, but a highly centralised state with a weak national identity influenced by a diverse population blocked any attempts to grow rich (Faguet Sanchez, 2006). Due to the decentralisation in the governmental and administrative policies, the formerly neglected majority of municipalities took advantage of maintaining authority on the spot. In fact, Bolivia increased its benefits owing to making more politically weighed national public investment: â€Å"Before decentralization Bolivia’s three main cities took 86% of all devolved funds, while the remaining 308 municipalities divided amongst them a mere 14%. After decentralization the shares reversed to 27% and 73% respectively† (Faguet Sanchez, 2006, p. 9). That is the ostensive argument for stating the advantage of implementing decentralization policies in developing countries to stabilize the overall political and economical atmosphere inside the country. Decentralisation of education in Bolivia was possible due to the Popular Participation Law adopted in 1994, and which gave access for people living in municipalities to the basic education (Gropello, 1999). Colombia has its own history of making decentralisation the basic rule for the reformation of the state and administrative regulations at the local level up to the central bodies of state authority. Getting through a three-phase process of the national development, decentralisation in Colombia helped Colombians gain more verification of country’s fiscal funds and taxation, political instruments implementation, fiscal and administrative reforms based on the appropriate reference to the law and the Constitution among municipalities (Faguet Sanchez, 2006). It took few decades or so for Colombia to run the gamut of public services and take control of the periphery. Nonetheless, the process of decentralization provoked a wave of higher rates of enrolment to the educational establishments (Galiani Schargrodsky, 2001). Thus, there is a positive shift in the primary value of decentralization in supporting the national economy in terms of education. Decentralisation which took place in Bolivia proved its validity and feasibility in terms of not just using but distributing human resources across 311 municipalities (Faguet, Does decentralization increase government responsiveness to local needs? Evidence from Bolivia, 2004). In this respect one should be accurate in estimating the way of reforms in each among Latin American countries. Educational prospects were identified as a reaction on the implementation of a dispersal of the state initiatives in municipalities. Thus, when looking at this phenomenon logically, there is no wonder in assessing a positive effect of decentralisation. As it was mentioned before, decentralisation serves as the mechanism which gives population an access to public services. Providing a set of empirical and theoretical speculations on the case of Colombia, there is plenty to talk about. As a matter of fact, it is well known that the most needful public services for the population in any country and in Colombia, in particular, are health services and education. It was mentioned, however, that Colombian decentralisation fell into a holistic success in rates of enrolees willing to gain elementary or high education. By contrast, other studies have evidenced that financial support by local governments would gain more efficiency if local officials were more informed about the current extreme needs of communities in each among municipalities (Faguet Sanchez, DECENTRALIZATION AND ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES IN COLOMBIA, 2009). In this respect the state power of Colombia was inclined to enlarge the share of budget financial resources increasing investment rates as opposed to running costs. The aforementioned approach as of Colombian local governments has been already imposed in Spain. In fact, this country suffered from its highly centralised political and administrative organization. The implications of decentralisation in Spain showed that the more autonomous communities isolated somehow from the influence of the central power gained more benefits in education and economic development as well (Pena, 2006). There were only two exceptions in the overall evaluation, but they make no difference in stating the positive effect of decentralisation as applied to educational improvements in Spain. The Spanish state power and its legislative branch, in particular, did a scope of renovations to legalize the authority of local communities in order to improve the educational standards as a result. One of the notions reckons with the constitutional norms which state the following definition of power dispersal in educational sphere: The Constitution keeps for the central government the definition of the structure of the educational system, the regulation of the requirements for obtaining, issue and standardization of academic degrees and professional qualifications and the establishment of basic rules to guarantee the unity of the Spanish educational system. The other educational competences, however, can be devolved to the regional governements (Pena, 2006, p. 8). Thus, there is no obstacle for Spanish communities related to specific administrative regions to provide educational policies which suit the preferences of the population at the localities. In turn it facilitates the overall process of decentralising the governmental approaches in the public sector with further improvements reflected on the progress level and enrolment rates. Once again, the case of Spain manifests positive outcomes of decentralisation as referred to the educational sector of public services. In Chile, education decentralisation invigorated the process of adjusting responsibilities between the central government and the local authorities (Parry, 1997). The balance had been achieved due to a constructive subordination and delegation of primary and secondary affairs relevant to each among the administrative units. However, the research gives grounds for stating the significance of the monitoring and financial support on the part of the central power, as a necessity which should be taken for granted (Parry, 1997). The question is that the case of Chile differs from that of Spain. Here the communities are not that independent autonomously from the central power. Thus, it is as if communities in Chile have to gain more devolution in order to sustain and improve public services at the periphery primordially established by the central power. Insofar, the concept of devolution is the central for measuring the tools for decentralisation. In other words, decentralisation relies on devolution. In Chile as well as in other developing countries there is a need for being more informed and educated. Talking about this theme, one should bear it in mind that contemporary humanity shares the main product of the post-industrial society, namely information. Chilean process of reformation was not that easy in driving education decentralisation to masses. There were detrimental consequences from the Pinochet’s regime. Nevertheless, as strange as it may seem, it is Pinochet who actively supported the implementation of decentralisation in education in 1980s, being even sympathetic to private education as an alternative for generally accepted public education (Parry, 1997). Further still, this dictator saw the value of inclusion of all among communities into the public life of the country when he called for â€Å"the need to decentralize responsibility, grant a greater degree of participation to the community, and to rationalize the use of public resources† (Cited in Parry, 1997, p. 214). Coming closer to 1990s Chile along with Bolivia Colombia, Argentina, and other Latin American countries joined the democratic incentives implied into the policy of decentralisation. Getting ahead in changing the state power from autocratic to democratic, Chile reaped the benefit of decentralisation, as schools in different municipalities became accessible and attractive to parents and students. The readings of growth in enrolment rates are as follows: â€Å"In 1990, the division of enrolment between private subsidized and public schools was 35. 86% for private and 64. 14% for public† (Parry, 1997, p. 217-218). That was a real breakthrough for the country. However, there are a number of researchers who admit problems after implementing decentralisation policies mostly among developing countries. It is quite fair to suppose that the decentralisation process is not linear or constant for countries where it serves as the main tool for reforms in public services. The main apprehensive is concerned with the fact that by decentralising the power at the local level there is a probability (and rather explicit, so to speak) of the emergence of corruption and inequity in sharing financial or human resources within communities. On the other side, problems of a political kind stimulate some aggravations in the process of democratically positive development in decentralised countries. All in all, a scope of negative consequences as a result of decentralisation counts for the following ones: â€Å"decentralizing corruption, increased inequalities between resource-rich and resource-poor regions, failure of the central government to successfully set and enforce minimum service standards in critical areas of national priority† (Fritzen Lim, 2006, p. 5). Along with such highly increased cases of negative execution of decentralization at local governments there is a threat to macroeconomic stability. It is all about the arrangement of and report on the expenditures and revenues in a definite municipality as referred to the central body of power (Fritzen Lim, 2006). This is why every bean has its black, as they say. In addition the central-to-local feedbacks can encounter â€Å"barriers† on the part of the elite circles in a definite municipality. It is another problem of decentralization dealing with a huge gap in stratification of the society: â€Å"However, decentralization can also degrade provision in the presence of positive spillovers, lack of technical capabilities by local governments, or capture of low-level administrators by local elites† (Galiani, Gertler, Schargrodsky, Helping the Good Get Better, but Leaving the Rest Behind: How Decentralization Affects School Performance, 2004). Thus, the educational prospects and problems along with fiscal and administrative features of decentralisation have been mentioned already. However, the focal point is that developing countries need more intrinsic governmental incentives in order to decrease the rates of poverty. This aspect of the discussion needs proper evaluation. To make it plain, decentralisation policies are largely considered with a decrease of negative impacts on the level of living in the society of a definite country. Poverty serves as an index of a country’s inability to shift the situation for better by means of appropriate reforms. In this respect it is fair to remark the increase of wages, giving more opportunities for farmers and croppers, etc. Crook and Sverrisson (1999) narrow down these initiatives to four main approaches for governments, namely: 1. Changes in the microeconomic features. There should be a substantial and felt support of the rural workers in what they can contribute into the country’s economy. 2. Social equity. Reducing the gap between different communities according to their history, ethnicity, and culture. 3. Human development. Increasing the rates of social comfortable circumstances by decreasing detrimental effects of poverty. 4. Spatial or inter-regional inequality. A rational distribution of the resources between economically more and less sufficient regions (Crook Sverrisson, 1999). However, even with some positive changes due to decentralisation, Bolivia is still suffering from poverty. UNDP keeps a strict eye on the human relationships and economical prospects for decreasing the poverty rates in Bolivia. Even with the highest tempos of capacity development, Bolivia needs another set of reforms to go the way of the developed countries of the world (UNDP, 2005). Thus, the democracy should make point of what has been done in Bolivia due to the timely constructive implementation of decentralization policies. The concept of planning development should serve as one of the basic approaches for maintaining social, economical, political, and fiscal equilibrium. Specialists from USAID as well as from UNDP work on dissecting new approaches to encourage the value of decentralization, as the way to cope with a genuinely democratic type of relationships between the central power and the periphery. The participation is necessary at all levels. Indeed, it is participation in different spheres of the state governance that makes planning development more efficient due to the cohesiveness of all branches. Notwithstanding the type of regime in a country, an extra-ordinary value of decentralization is beyond disagreement. USAID experts interpret decentralization as a necessary state of relationships â€Å"to increase the scope of decisions, and thus incentives, available to local participants, as well as to build institutions and to encourage, structure, focus, and stabilize such participation† (Rondinelli, 1981, p. 133). Nevertheless, based on the aforementioned examples of countries, decentralisation provides opportunities to step across new frontiers in planning development. Hence, it is about time to state that decentralization results in better development outcomes. Breaking the power down by means of its dispersal among municipalities gives more grounds for the central power to evaluate, make decisions, and verify the execution of the law, economic, and political prospects at the local level. Increasing governmental investment in public services served as an impulse for the growth of planning development in Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, and Spain as well. Decentralisation is widely practised in the world’s countries. Furthermore, its significance for maintaining stabilisation mechanisms in the developing countries cannot be underestimated. It is great that during some few decades many of the developing countries under the threat of dominated ideologies could change their course along with the policies of decentralisation as the paramount approach to start with. Humanity of the twenty-first century, therefore, has many points to acquire in social, economical, and political issues as pertaining to the policy of decentralisation. Reference Crook, R. C. , Sverrisson, A. S. (1999). TO WHAT EXTENT CAN DECENTRALISED FORMS OF GOVERNMENT ENHANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRO-POOR POLICIES AND IMPROVE POVERTY-ALLEVIATION OUTCOMES? Unpublished manuscript , 1-61. Faguet, J. -P. (2004). Does decentralization increase government responsiveness to local needs? Evidence from Bolivia. Journal of Public Economics , 88, 867– 893. Faguet, J. -P. (2005). The Effects of Decentralisation on Public Investment: Evidence and Four Lessons from Bolivia and Colombia. Crisis States Program , 62, 1-21. Faguet, J. -P. , Sanchez, F. (2009, February 8). DECENTRALIZATION AND ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES IN COLOMBIA. 1-35. Faguet, J. -P. , Sanchez, F. (2006). DECENTRALIZATION’S EFFECTS ON EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN BOLIVIA AND COLOMBIA. DEDPS , 47, 1-42. Fritzen, S. A. , Lim, P. W. (2006). LKY School of Public Policy. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (pp. 1-9). Singapore: National University of Singapore. Furtado, X. (2001). DECENTRALIZATION AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: UNDERSTANDING THE LINKS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PROGRAMMING. CIDA Policy Branch , 4, 1-11. Galiani, S. , Schargrodsky, E. (2001, September 19). Evaluating the Impact of School Decentralisation on Education Quality. JEL , 1-37. Galiani, S. , Gertler, P. , Schargrodsky, E. (2004, March 11). Helping the Good Get Better, but Leaving the Rest Behind: How Decentralization Affects School Performance. JEL , 1-34. Gropello, E. D. (1999). Educational decentralization models in Latin America. Cepal Review , 68, 155-173. Parry, T. R. (1997). Achieving Balance in Decentralization: A Case Study of Education Decentralization in Chile. World Development , 25 (2), 21 l-225,. Pena, P. S. (2006). Evaluation of the ejffects of decentralization on educational outcomes in Spain. JEL , 1-32. Rondinelli, D. A. (1981). Government Decentralization in Comparative Perspective: Theory and Practice in Developing Countries. International Review of Administrative Sciences , 2, 133-145. UNDP. (2005). United Nations Development Programme. Fiscal Decentralization in Transition Economies: Case Studies from the Balkans and Caucasus (pp. 1-194). Bratislava: UNDP Publishings. UNDP. (2005). United Nations Development Programme: Oslo Governance Centre. Democratic decentralization and poverty reduction: Bolivian case (pp. 3-46). Oslo: UNDP.

Acid-Base Chemistry Lab Essay -- Scientific Research

The purpose of this lab was to determine the pH and total acidity of grape juice and wine. A second purpose was to experimentally determine the pKa of a monoprotic weak acid, polyprotic weak acid, as well as, a free amino acid, alanine. Acids and bases were defined by Bronsted-Lowry in 1923, in which acids were described as substances capable of donating a proton and bases are substances capable of accepting a proton (Thompson and Dinh 2009). In addition to defining acids and bases, Bronsted-Lowry further classified acids and bases as being either strong or weak. By definition, a strong acid or base is a substance that is completely dissociated in aqueous solutions and in contrast, weak acids only partially dissociate and reach their equilibrium with their conjugate base (Harris 2003). Buffers are comprised of weak acids and their conjugate bases. In the food industry, buffers are commonly used to protect changes in pH of food stuffs. The two conjugate components of the buffer resist changes in pH by absorbing the addition of any hydrogen or hydroxyl ions (Christen and Smith 2000). When weak acids and their conjugate bases are at equilibrium, their concentrations can be expressed in terms of the dissociation constant, Ka. For a strong acid, the Ka value is greater than 1 x 10-2M and less than 1 x 10-2M for a weak acid (Thompson and Dinh 2009). For weak acids, the relationship of hydrogen ion concentration and pH can be defined by the Henderson-Hasselbach equation (Thompson and Dinh 2009). Wine quality greatly depends on the quality of the grapes and the microorganisms involved in the fermentation process (Husnik and others 2006). When compared to lactic acid bacteria, yeasts are better suited for growt... ... Son HS, Hong YS, Park WM, Yu MA, Lee CH. 2009. A novel approach for estimating sugar and alcohol concentrations in wines using refractometer and hydrometer. J. Food Chem. 74:106-111. Thompson LD, Dinh T. 2009. Acid-Base Chemistry. FDSC 4303/5303 food chemistry laboratory manual. Lubbock, Tx.: Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences. Ugliano M, Moio L. 2005. Changes in the concentration of yeast-derived volatile compounds of red wine during malolactic fermentation with four commercial starter cultures of Oenococcus oeni. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:10134-10139. Waite JG, Daeschel MA. 2007. Contribution of wine components to inactivation of food-borne pathogens. J. Food Sci. 72:286-291. Wintersteen CL, Andrae LM, Engeseth NJ. 2005. Effect of heat treatment on antioxidant capacity and flavor volatiles of mead. J. Food Chem. 70:119-126.

Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical engineering is the study of medical systems and the products used to treat patients. This is used in hospitals and labs by bioreactors. Scientists use this type of engineering to develop fake skin cells for people who have been in a fire, had a deep cut, or a amputation. To maximize the chance of a safe, clean, and bacteria-free cut. Scientists have made a pair of socks that control and monitor diabetic feet and prevent amputations for the patient. It helps cleanse the wound and alcohol is placed in the sock. Fake human tissue is made in labs and some people have it to cover up burns or deep wounds. This fake tissue is 3D printed and it replicates someone's cells and produces them. This replaces stem cells in the body and also helps the body heal faster and more properly. Patients who have had a side of their body burned have to stay in the hospital for up to six months sometimes even longer depends on the degree of the burn. he fake skin was made for people to help them heal faster and it has saved people from getting amputations. This synthetic skins breaths, operates blood flow and heals just like normal skin. They are made out of salt water and organic fibers, some prosthetics even have this synthetic skin on them to blend in with someone like it's their real arm. This skin helps in research as well, scientists inject diseases into it to see the reactions to tell if it's safe for humans. It can replace tumor cells once its out, the skin can be placed in the spot to help heal. Regulating protein count and fibers in the body and seeks signs of cancer. Artificial organs are being made in labs to help people who will die without a transplant and who doesn't have time to wait on doctors to find a doner. Organs-on-a-chip are used to test drugs and help researchers understand how the organ works. The tubes have a vacuum chamber which goes inside the organ and stretches the membrane and expands which can collect up to 50,000 cells. These organs are man-made and people who need transplants can go with the artificial organs instead of waiting for the plane to get there. It's used to pump blood through the body to keep all the cells alive, it decreases the impeller axis shift to help blood flow to the brain. If the organs takes too long, it can lead to infections then it will most likely spread throughout the body to other organs. The other organs would need a transplant as well unless the proper treatment is available at the time. Prosthetics are being made more efficient than ever. Biomedical engineers have made many life enhancing technologies for people who don't have their limbs anymore. There are more prosthetics a than arms and legs, there are fingers, racing blade leg, and even eyes. Approximately 1,000,000 people are deaf in the United States. There are now ears made out of the fake tissue cells and natural rubber that matches the patient's skin tone. They look just like a real ear and it has a hearing aid in the center of it to help the patient hear. It helps as a appearance and aesthetics just like a fake eye, it's hard to tell that the ear is fake. Implants are available as well, the prosthetic is made from a silicone mold of the patient's ear to fit them just right. A very small amount of spirit gum is applied at the base and the middle of the ear to get it to stay attached to the patients face. Farmers use pesticides to keep bugs and animals away that might eat their crops. If an animal eats a part of the crops then the farmer just lost that profit. Farmers want to do everything they can to keep their crops from bugs. Some pesticides are illegal in the U.S, they are toxic and sometimes they can release toxic fumes into the air that we breathe. Pesticides do more than harm pests, they can be dangerous for the human who consumes them. The symptoms of pesticides are nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, headaches, dizziness, and even death if the poison is in your bloodstream for too long. They also damage the richness of the soil, so by farmers using pesticides on their crops they are hurting their sales in the long run. The soil will lose its nutrients from the poisoning and then water erosion happens which washes away the soil particles making it just plain dirt. Adding more soil to the dirt will not help out the nutrients, it can't compensate for the loss of nutrients in the topsoil. Farmers using GMOs to help their farm animals grow larger so they can sell more product is not illegal. Many farmers use them and GMOs allow them to place unnatural chemicals that make the food taste better so consumers will buy more of their product. Farmers are altering genetic material to produce artificial organisms. GMOs can be used in plants just like animals, in plants it helps them grow faster to produce more to sell. It helps the food the plants make taste better by altering its DNA. The DNA is extracted from sweet alyssum which plant grows the fastest. Scientist take that trait and create GMOs for their plants so they can grow faster. GMOs aren't dangerous to humans unless there are pesticides used on the plants to keep the bugs away. Scientists cross-breed these organisms in labs with bacteria and virus genes. A bonus to genetically altered food is longer shelf life, they are better for the consumer, and it takes less land to grow more food. Biomedical technology helps scientists find cure for diseases like smallpox, rinderpest, polio, yaws, and malaria. Biomedical engineering helps scientists understand how to cure diseases and create a cure for a disease unknown to mankind faster. Biomedical engineers are now closer than ever before to finding a cure for cancer, reporters say it will take about another five to ten years before they actually finish and perfect the cure. They are trying to use heat radiation to kill the cancerous cell through the body without Chemo or an incision. Another widespread disease that affected a lot of people across the world is malaria. Malaria is a plasmodium parasite transmitted by the bit of a mosquito. This disease started from Sub-Saharan countries in Africa, its hot there so the bugs are abundant. Mosquitos traveled from that area to all across the world carrying the disease. The cure was developed by Charles Louis Lavern on November 6, 1880. Back then, there wasn't many cures for disease just medicine to help control it. That was a long time ago and thanks to biomedical engineering, scientists can develop cures much faster and efficient such as someone taken the cure will most likely never get that disease again. Biomedical engineering helps healthcare. It produces more accurate equipment used in hospitals and on animals. Healthcare is so much more advanced now than it used to be, when babies or animals get their shots there didn't used to be any back then. They would just have to go without them and that's why disease was so rapidly growing, because there wasn't many cures but now everything is different. Even simple procedures like getting a cut or a burn required special attention and days of preparation to get better. Now they just give out stitches and anti-bacterial cream to clean it. All of us as a nation have came so far and within time, scientists will discover more and more treatments and cures. There are cures now using antimicrobials to kill microorganisms to stop their growth and to stop the spreading throughout the body. They are injecting good organisms into the body to kill off bad organisms that make someone sick. The earliest type of microorganisms were Penicillin, Salvarsan, and Prontosil and they were one of the biggest scientific advantages of all time. This was a new level of medical care, Pharmacists could only progress and discover more medicines. There are now antimicrobials in hand soaps and Hand Sanitizers which is available on the go. Agents such as bacteria, mildew, and mold that are used to make the organisms in the medicine. The helpful microbes come into contact with the surface and penetrate the cell blocking the harmful microbe to kill off and to limit the cell from growing and spreading from another part of the body. Anti Microorganisms work in the way similar of insecticides and fungicides because of how they disinfect, sanitize, and protect against infections. Peptidoglycan layers act as a spine to a cell and it allows in nutrients to enter the cell like acids and sugars. Vitamins can not enter the cell so the bacteria trapped in the cell must make its own. Cell manipulation is alter genetic human cells

The Theory Of The Work Of Art - 1371 Words

Cubism was always an interpretation of objective reality, of a given motif. But Kandinsky was to initiate was by contrast essentially and deliberately non-objective. Kandinsky’s own experience was personal and even apocalyptic. 2 Kandinsky conclude non-objective painting must be expressive, emotion or spiritual experience. Non-objective painting could form and colour, free form all representational aim, be articulated into a language of symbolic discourse. 3.Art is a construction of concrete elements of form and colour which become expressive in the process of synthesis or arrangement: the form of the work of art is in itself the content, and whatever expressiveness there is in the work of art originates with the form. 4. The whole purpose of this alternative principle was to escape from the internal necessities of our individual existence and to create a pure art, free from human tragedy , impersonal and universal. 5.The painter who was to develop to its logical extreme the objective concept of abstraction was Piet Mondrian (or Mondriaan) 6. His (Mondrian’s) style of pure abstraction evolves gradually and consistently form his patient search for a reality behind the motif. 7.The journal De Stijl was a propogate their views on art. This became the name of the movement, though Mondrian himself always preferred Nieuwe Beelding (neo-Plasticism) as a more meaningful word. 8.M.J Schoenmaekers was an original thinker and had elaborated a Neoplatonic system which he calledShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Freud’s Unconscious Theory and How Is It Applied in the Art Work of Dada/ Surrealist Artists?1958 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Freud’s unconscious theory and how is it applied in the art work of Dada/ surrealist artists? 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However, in the twentieth century, art beganRead MoreArt Has Perplexed The Minds Of Both Scholars And Laymen1075 Words   |  5 PagesArt has perplexed the minds of both scholars and laymen for centuries due to the inherent complexity derived from its ability to express creativity, convey meaning, and express emotion – all while coming in various forms subject to interpretation from the audience. Rather than debate the definition of art or how it can be used to communicate, I have chosen to focus this essay upon the following question: How does art express emotion? Exploring the connection between art and emotion is an essentialRead MoreThus, Barwell Presents Her Own Sentence Schemata, Arguing1663 Words   |  7 Pages Barwell presents her own sentence schemata, arguing that sentence schema 1-4 are meant to be understood as the following: â€Å"This artwork is well suited to be a product of an expression of E-ness† The recognition of expressive qualities within an art piece – whether it be features of a face in a painting, gestures of a thespian during a theatrical performance, or the timbre of a guitar at a concert – are able to be used by the audience member for their own purposes. Barwell argues that the audienceRead MoreIs it Possible to Define ‘Art’?1656 Words   |  7 Pagessculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. The above quotation is the Oxford Dictionary’s definition of art. It is one of the many definitions and theories written in answer to the question â€Å"what is art?† However, that very question implies an inhibited and essentialist answer such as â€Å"Art is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Throughout the centuries philosophers, critics and authors have attempted to edge us ever nearer to the evasive concept that is ‘art’. It is an incrediblyRead MoreDavid Hume Philosophy1172 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to find structure in the one of the most complex aspect of life, art. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines art as â€Å"the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects†. Paul Ziff, an American philosopher, defined art using a very broad phrase. According to the philosophy of Paul Ziff, â€Å"something fit to be an object of aesthetic attention† can be classified as art. Both definitions are rather ambiguous. This ambiguity seems to be aRead MoreThe Theories Presented By Tolstoy And Bell1493 Words   |  6 PagesTo categorize art by such vague criteria as expression and form would be difficult if it were not for the several prevailing theories presented by Tolstoy and Bell. According to Tolstoy’s theory of expression, something is art only if it successfully does the following. First, it must have been created with the intention of being art and revealed to an audience through a publicly accessible medium, even if the audience is a single individual. These mediums must be physical things such as shapes,Read MoreSummary Of The Artworld By Arthur Danto1115 Words   |  5 PagesC. Williams 4 Dec. 2013 Nature of Art Philosopher Arthur Danto, author of â€Å"The Artworld,† an artistic criticism, states that â€Å"to see something as art requires something that the eye cannot descry—an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art: an artworld† (201). Artistic theory, according to Danto, requires the presence of a subject, style, rhetorical ellipses, and that of historical context. Danto is capable of developing this view on art with the aid of an imaginary characterRead MoreArthur C. Danto s The Artworld1336 Words   |  6 Pagessee something as art requires something that the eye cannot descry-an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art: an artworld.† Danto shows us the importance of the artworld in order to know that a work of art is more than just what we can plainly see. Danto provides two theories he calls the â€Å"IT† (Imitation theory) and the â€Å"RT† (Reality theory). With these two theories, Danto ex plains how we can define art and why â€Å"The Artworld† is needed to help understand art, because after